How to Naturally Increase Sperm Count and Quality (Proven benefits of the fertility diet)

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As a naturopathic dietitian, I work closely with couples facing infertility issues and, in 9 cases out of 10, the couple walks in with the aim to fix or improve the woman’s nutrition habits. Quick anecdote: last January, Sarah and Jason had their first appointment with me – this young couple had been trying to conceive for the past 5 years. During our first meeting, Sarah told me that there must be something wrong with what she was eating since she had perfect results for all the lab tests I recommended. So I asked Jason about his diet and lifestyle. Looking very surprised, he said ‘What does my lifestyle have to do with us getting pregnant?’ Unfortunately that’s a very common response although over half of all cases of infertility can be related to male factors. In fact, a 2012 study revealed that only 1 in 4 men have optimal semen quality and another study estimated that sperm counts have declined by 50% worldwide since the 1930s. Before considering IVF, you may want to check out this article to discover natural ways to increase your sperm count and overall sperm health as well as factors that could be adversely affecting your little swimmers.

What is meant by ‘healthy sperm’?

In order to address male infertility, it is crucial to understand the concept of sperm health or quality which is determined by four factors:

• Sperm count which is the total number of sperm cells produced. Under ideal circumstances, a healthy young man should produce 300 to 500 sperm cells per ejaculation although only one will typically fertilize an egg. For timely, reliable impregnation, males should produce a minimum of 40 million of sperm cells per milliliter of semen.
• Sperm morphology refers to the shape or physical characteristics – healthy sperm has a round head and a long tail that helps this little champion swim and penetrate the egg for fertilization to occur.  Sperm that has more than one head or tail; an abnormal middle-piece; or an abnormally shaped head or short tail has been linked to fertility issues.
• Sperm motility which determines how well the little swimmers can move forward to reach the egg.
• The integrity or quality of the sperm DNA.

The following video nicely explains how a sperm analysis is conducted.

Top 9 natural methods to make your sperm healthier

1. Seek support to quit smoking

With a lethal mix of over 7000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that smoking can seriously affect your little swimmers. In fact, research suggests that smoking can reduce a man’s fertility by as much as 30% by causing:

• Erectile dysfunction: The various chemicals in tobacco smoke hinder blood flow throughout the body – circulatory issues down there could make it harder for the big guy to stand up. Moreover, smoking can also harm the penile tissue causing the penis to lose its elasticity and causing it to gradually be less able to stretch.
• Poor sperm quality: Several studies comparing semen quality between smokers and non-smokers found that male smokers are more likely to have low sperm count, abnormally shaped sperm and suboptimal sperm motility.
• DNA and structural damage to the sperm: The free radicals found in tobacco smoke affect the fatty membrane of sperm cell causing it to lose its flexibility, motility and fertilizing potential. The chemicals in tobacco also induce DNA damage such as deletion and mutation of genes in the spermatozoa’s nucleus leading to abnormal changes in the sperm’s shape.

What about marijuana?
You’re not off the hook either: research indicates that cannabis use can impair male fertility. The researchers speculate that THC, the active ingredient in cannabis, may disturb the sperm’s timing.
“The sperm from marijuana smokers were moving too fast, too early. The timing was all wrong. These sperm will experience burn-out before they reach the egg and would not be capable of fertilization,” reported study lead author Lani Burkman. The scientists also found that pot smokers had a smaller semen volume and lower sperm count compared to those who didn’t smoke.

2. Maintain a healthy weight

Research suggests that the risks of male infertility increases by about 10% for every 10kg increase in body weight. This could explain why compared to their normal-weight counterparts, overweight men with a BMI above 25kg/m2 have a 22% lower sperm concentration whereas obese men are 81% more likely to be sterile (no ejaculated sperm).
What’s the link between body fat and sperm health?
Excess body fat can lead to a reduction in semen volume, lower sperm count and abnormally shaped sperm by:

• Promoting the conversion of testosterone to estrogen – higher levels of estrogen adversely affect sperm production.
• Causing overheating of the testis, the glands where the sperm and testosterone are produced. This could decrease sperm production or induce structural defects in the sperm.
• Increasing the risks of erectile dysfunction.

3. Steer clear from unhealthy fats

I’m talking about industrial seed oils also known as vegetable oils (such as canola, sunflower, safflower, soybean and cottonseed oils); products containing trans fats or fake fats like Crisco.
What this means for you:

• Choose healthy fats such as grass-fed butter or clarified butter, extra virgin olive oil, virgin coconut oil, grass-fed beef tallow, avocado, raw nuts and seeds.
• Select grass-fed meats, wild fish and free-range poultry as often as possible – if you can only access conventional meat, remember to trim as much fat as you can since this is where most of the antibiotics and hormones given to the animal will accumulate.
• Make sure to read the ingredient list even if the label says trans fat free – a product definitely contains some trans fats if it contains margarine, hydrogenated fats, mono- or diglycerides.

4. Ditch refined carbohydrates

Did you know that refined carbs such as bread, pasta, rice and sugar-laden foods and beverages have been linked to a decreased sperm count in young men? Moreover, it appears that consumption of refined carbs causes the sperm to become lazy. Scientists speculate that these adverse effects on sperm health are due to the spikes in blood glucose levels that occur after consumption of refined carbs.
Your healthiest choices: sweet potato, yam, plantain, tapioca, breadfruit, taro root, parsnips, squashes, kohlrabi, jicama, rutabaga, lotus roots and beets.
Note: don’t go crazy on these healthy carbs since a high carbohydrate diet has been linked to impaired sperm motility.

5. Go soy-free

Research suggests that consuming soy foods could significantly reduce sperm count – men whose diets were highest in soy had 41 million sperm per milliliter less than men who did not consume soy products. And the alarming fact is that the participants in the highest intake group consumed, on average, only half a serving of soy per day. That’s about one cup of soy milk or one serving of soy burgers, tempeh or tofu every other day!
While it is true that this study was relatively small and most of the participants were overweight or obese (and therefore, these results may not apply to men of healthy weight), if your sperm count is low, it wouldn’t hurt eliminating soy from your diet while implementing the other tips mentioned.
Soy products are not limited to tempeh, soy milk and tofu: most processed foods contain soy in the form of soy flour, soy protein, soy oil or soy lecithin.

6. Limit your exposure to Bisphenol-A (BPA)

BPA is a synthetic chemical used in plastic water bottles, most food cans, packaging, receipts and many other everyday objects. Linked to various health conditions, BPA is a hormone disruptor that has also been found to lower sperm count, concentration, motility and vitality in humans.

7. Avoid high-mercury fish

Research suggests that mercury can damage the sperm’s structure and functions. Hence, you might want to avoid fish such as marlin, swordfish, tilefish, shark and king mackerel.

8. Say ‘no’ to alcohol

Consuming only 5 units of alcohol every week could considerably reduce the quality of your sperm according to a study published last year. Researchers also reported that alcohol consumption caused adverse changes in reproductive hormone levels.

9. Steer clear of anabolic steroids

Although I highly recommend that you lose weight if you are overweight or obese, please don’t try to do so by using anabolic steroids. Research indicates that these could significantly reduce sperm count (some individuals taking steroids may not even have any viable sperm left) and quality. This being said, if you have taken steroids in the past; don’t beat yourself up: your sperm production should get back on track within 3 to 12 months after you stop taking the drug.

Top 10 nutrients and foods that can help increase sperm count and quality

1. Folate

Folate is probably the most routinely prescribed female prenatal supplement. However, dads would also benefit from this getting enough of this B vitamin: paternal folate deficiencies have been linked to not only reduced sperm count and motility, but to sperm DNA damage that can contribute to conditions such as autism, diabetes, cancer and schizophrenia.
Animal sources: Liver, crab, eggs, halibut, beef, chicken.
Plant sources: Spinach, legumes, Brussels’ sprouts, broccoli, mustard greens.
How much: 400μg/day
Note: Folate is NOT the same thing as folic acid – folate is natural whereas folic acid is synthetic and has been linked to cancer. If you choose to supplement with folate, select products that contain either the Metfolin brand or list ‘5-MTHF’ or ‘5-methyltetrahydrofolate’ on the label.

2. Vitamin B12

This vitamin is needed for optimal sperm concentration – liver from grass-fed cattle is one of the best sources of both folate and vitamin B12.
How much: At least 3oz per week.
Note: If you choose to supplement, select methylcobalamin – steer clear of cyanocobalamin.

3. Vitamin C

We typically only think of vitamin C as a nutrient that helps protect against the common cold. However, it is now known that this vitamin can protect the sperm’s DNA against free radical damage. In one study, participants who received 200mg/day or 1000mg/day of vitamin C showed a 112% and 140% increase in their sperm count respectively. Those who received the placebo did not experience any increase in sperm count. Vitamin C may also help improve the sperm’s motility and structure.
Dietary sources: Bell peppers, citrus fruits, kiwifruit, broccoli, cauliflower, tomato, green leafy vegetables.
Note: If you choose to supplement with vitamin C, I highly recommend you opt for natural products like amla, acerola cherry or camu camu instead of synthetic vitamin C.
How much: 90mg/day

4. Vitamin D

Research suggests that the sunshine vitamin could help boost sperm quality and make the little fellows better at swimming towards the female egg. Vitamin D could also improve the sperms’ speed and make it easier for them to penetrate the egg. It appears that vitamin D is able to increase calcium levels in the sperm – this in turn increases motility as well as the sperms’ ‘acrosome reaction’ which is a series of reactions that enable the sperm to fuse and penetrate the egg. The researchers also reported that men with vitamin D levels below 25nM had a lower proportion of motile sperm, sperm that were motile and could propel forwards and sperm that were a normal shape, than men with vitamin D levels above 75 nM.
Dietary sources: The best source of vitamin D is from the sun but you can also get some from fatty fish, eggs, high-vitamin cod liver oil mushrooms
How much: 2000 – 5000 IU/day
Notes:

• Ask a physician to test your levels before you begin supplementation and then test again after a few months to determine what dose you need. You want to check your blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D by asking for a 25(OH)D test since testing for the ‎activated vitamin D (1,25-vitamin D) will not give an accurate picture of your vitamin D levels.‎
• If you choose to supplement , make sure to get vitamin D 3 and not vitamin D 2 .
• Since vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient, it’s important that you take it with your heaviest meal ‎of the day. ‎
• If you have light skin, spend about 15 minutes directly exposed to the sun. If your skin is darker, aim for 30 minutes.

5. Vitamin E

This antioxidant vitamin can help protect the sperm’s outer membrane against free-radical induced damage.
Dietary sources: Nuts and nut butters, sunflower seeds, green vegetables, tomato paste, avocado, olive oil, high-vitamin cod liver oil.
How much: 15mg (22.4 IU) per day (avoid supplementing with vitamin E as it may cause more harm than good.)

6. Zinc

You’ve probably heard that oysters are great for male fertility, right? Well, that’s because these sea creatures are rich in zinc, a mineral that helps protect the seminal plasma (the liquid portion of the semen which is in charge of keeping sperm cells healthy). If your diet is low in zinc, your sperm quality and semen volume will decline since a lack of zinc increases oxidative stress in the seminal plasma. In fact, increasing zinc intake has been shown to increase sperm count and fertilizing capacity while decreasing DNA damage, structural defects or antibodies to sperm.
Animal sources: Oysters, seafood, fish, poultry, red meat, and eggs.
Plant sources: Pulses, nuts, pumpkin seeds, whole grains and legumes – make sure to soak properly before consumption to get rid of the phytates naturally present in these foods (these phytates bind to and inhibit zinc absorption).
How much: 30mg/day to a maximum of 60mg/day

7. Selenium

This mineral is needed for maintaining optimal sperm motility – in one study, 69 infertile individuals who took selenium alone or combined with other vitamins experienced significant improvements in sperm motility. Moreover, when combined with N-acetylecysteine (NAC), all measures of sperm quality were improved (check the ‘natural supplements’ section below).
Animal sources: Organ meats and seafood (especially cod, tuna, halibut, sardines, and salmon); muscle meats ‎such as beef, turkey, and lamb; butter and raw milk from grass-fed cows, and eggs from pastured hens.‎
Plant sources: Brazil nuts are terrific sources of Selenium – just 2 nuts per day will provide you with 200 ‎micrograms! Mushrooms also contain some selenium.‎
How much: 200 to 225μg/day

8. Omega-3 fatty acids

Did you know that for sperm cells to be able to fuse with an egg, their membranes (cell walls) need very specific characteristics which come mostly from omega-3 fatty acids? In fact, men with low levels of omega-3 fatty acids or low ratios of omega-3 to omega-6 have been found to have low sperm counts or poor quality sperm. Conversely, those with higher omega-3 levels and ratios show improved sperm motility, structure and concentration.
Animal sources (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ‎: Fish and seafood (especially the wild type); fish liver oils.
Plant sources (alpha-linolenic acid, ALA): Walnuts, flax, hemp and chia seeds.
Notes:

• Only ‎2 to 5% and 5 to 10% of ALA can be converted into EPA and DHA respectively‎.
• If you choose to supplement, make sure to also eat fatty fish at least twice a week and select a supplement that contains only omega-3s (not a mixture of omega 3, 6 and 9).

How much: About 1,850mg of combined EPA and DHA daily.

9. Lycopene

What do tomatoes, pink grapefruit, papaya, wolfberry and gojiberries have in common? You’re right: lycopene. This powerful natural antioxidant could help improve sperm health. In one small study, men with suboptimal fertility were given lycopene: 66% showed improvement in sperm concentration, 53% had improved motility, and 46% showed improved numbers of normal sperm forms. Moreover, 23% of the participants achieved fatherhood!
Scientists believe that lycopene is able to exert these sperm-friendly effects by protecting the sperm against free radical damage. It also reduces the adverse effects of advanced-glycation end-products (AGEs) which are substances formed when proteins combine with sugar following prolonged exposure (glycation).
Dietary sources: Cooked tomatoes, pink grapefruit, papaya, wolfberry and gojiberries.
How much: 2mg twice daily (preferably from your diet)

10. Coconut oil

Rich in lauric acid, virgin coconut oil can help:

• Improve sperm quality by regulating sex hormones.
• Promote a healthy erection.
• Reduce inflammation in the body while helping to strengthen the immune system.

The 4 best natural supplements to increase sperm count and quality 

1. Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

Revered by Aztec warriors, maca is a reputed aphrodisiac and fertility enhancer in the same family as broccoli. According to recent research, maca can help enhance sperm production and motility without affecting the male sex hormones. Interestingly, this root has also been shown to improve libido and reduce sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressant drugs such as Prozac and Zoloft.
How much: About 500 to 3,000mg per day as one dose or throughout the day for at least 8 weeks.
Check out this article for tips on how to choose the right maca.

2. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

Used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, Ashwaghanda root powder can treat stress-related infertility and may help improve sperm quality by reducing glycation, protecting the sperm against oxidation, and enhancing levels of antioxidant vitamins A, C and E in the seminal fluid. Ashwaghanda can also ameliorate levels of male sex hormones.
How much: 5g per day for 3 months.

3. L-carnitine

Your little swimmers have a long journey to cover before they even enter the female reproductive system. Hence, they need a lot of energy and that is where L-carnitine comes in: studies suggest that carnitine is involved in both sperm energy production and motility. The supplement can also help improve sperm count.
Dietary sources: Beef, fish, chicken, dairy products
How much: 1g three times per day for 3 months.

4. Coenzyme Q10

This natural antioxidant produced by the body is used by our cells for energy production. In other words, coenzyme Q10 help ‘energize’ sperm cells while also protecting them against free radical damage.
Dietary sources: Heart, liver, kidney, sardines, mackerel and peanuts.
Notes:

• If you are taking statins, make sure to ask your physician about supplementing with coenzyme Q10 – these cholesterol-lowering drugs can reduce serum levels of coenzyme Q10 by 40%!
• If you choose to supplement, stick with ubiquinone since there is no evidence that ubiquinol is more effective.
• Coenzyme Q10 is fat soluble so make sure to take it with a fat-containing meal.

How much:

• If you’re under 60: 50 to 100mg/day
• If you’re on a statin drug: 100 to 200mg/day
• If you’ve had a recent heart surgery, congestive heart failure or heart attack: 200 to 300mg/day

Keep in mind that sperm cells need three months to fully develop and mature – it will take as many months for your diet and lifestyle changes to have an effect on your sperm quality. Women struggling with infertility may want to try some of these herbs proven to facilitate conception.

P.S. Take a look at the 5 veggies that boost female metabolism and burn off lower belly fat.

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What Is GMO? Are They Safer Than We Think?

The debate surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMO) is an impassioned one. This high-tech food production method, which occurs when genes are modified by scientists, is the topic of heated discussion, and there is a significant amount of research already conducted, and currently being conducted, attempting to prove and disprove its safety. Those in favor of GMO argue that the science benefits the agriculture industry, markets and even the nutritional value of food in some cases, while those against argue that eating genetically modified food is dangerous, unnecessary, and potentially harmful to human health. Despite the significant controversy that surrounds this farming practice, GMOs are found in more than 70 per cent of processed food in the US, and often without labels to specify that fact..

What Is GMO?

Also known as ‘genetic engineering’, genetic modification involves the technologically-advanced science of extracting genes from the DNA of one species and artificially implanting them into another species. This allows farmers to guarantee desirable traits in their food crops and livestock. For example, scientists are testing GMO options to make tomatoes more resilient to freezing temperatures. One experiment that was conducted by scientists was to insert an antifreeze gene from a winter flounder, which can live in freezing waters, into tomatoes to increase their tolerance to frost. This genetically modified tomato is not commercially available, but is an example of the kind of research being conducted into revolutionizing the agriculture industry.

Genetic modification is a significant step up from ‘selective breeding’, which has existed for thousands of years. This modern biotechnology is more efficient and effective than previous breeding methods, enabling seed developers to add genes from other organisms into crops, directly modifying the product’s genome. Using genetic modification like this, scientists can produce new varieties of plants and animals with certain qualities, which in some cases, means they can eliminate the use of chemical pesticides. For example, if a crop is being destroyed by a certain insect, scientists can add a particular gene that acts as a repellent for that insect. Genetic engineering has allowed farmers to deal with common problems they are confronted with, such as increasing wheat’s resistance to drought, and allowing maize to survive pesticides. Some GM crops can even produce higher yields than natural crops. However, on the other side of the fence, it is argued that genetic modification has increased the use of pesticides because scientists are able to make the food resilient to the chemicals.

What Are The Major Concerns?

The biggest question people are asking is whether GM foods will have a negative impact on human health and the environment. The human health aspect stems from the changes to the nutritional content of foods, allergy responses, toxicity, organ damage and gene transfer. These questions have been addressed over a number of years through in-depth research conducted by different independent groups around the world. As a result, the American Medical Association and World Health Organization have both concluded that GM foods are safe for consumers. But there are plenty of unanswered questions in relation to large-scale genetic medication and GMO agriculture. According to some scientists, there are potential environmental concerns regarding the impact and sustainability of GMO farming, while supporters say it could have a positive effect on the environment. And so, the battle rages on…

Understanding Genetics, Evolution And Selective Breeding

To understand genetic modification, you should first get your head around genetics, evolution and the millennia-old practice of selective breeding.
Genetics is the field name of the scientific study of genes, heredity and inherited characteristics. Genes are made up of DNA and act as instructions to make living organisms. All living plants and animals inherit genes from their ancestors, and these genes tell cells what to do, which results in the appearance and function of the product. However, genes are prone to mutation, which is one of the reasons everything has a unique physical feature, even if it is very minor.

Evolution refers to the historical occurrence of change in species over many generations. The genetic makeup of individuals causes the evolutionary changes, even within the same species. This is usually a very slow process and is influenced by certain environmental conditions. Natural selection is an example of evolutionary adaptations, and it is a very simple one. It refers to the rates of reproduction and mortality, with those best suited to their environment surviving and reproducing more successfully than organisms that are not as well suited. As a result, after several generations, the better-adapted organisms are the dominant ones, filtering out the less suited ones, known in layman’s terms as ‘survival of the fittest’.
Selective breeding has been around for thousands of years, and is a much faster process than evolution. Domesticated plants and animals have been selectively bred by humans to produce better, more desirable products. For example, cows have been selectively bred to produce more milk, apple trees to produce larger fruit, and wheat to be more resilient to disease. Despite the human interference, the principles of the breeding are still technically natural, because foreign DNA is not being inserted into the organisms. That is where GMO differs…

The Claims About GMO

Genetic modification has been the subject of heated debate in recent decades, and as a result, there are a number of myths mixed in with the truths.
GMO foods are all around us, and are basically impossible to avoid if you shop at supermarkets and eat a balanced diet. What’s more, producers do not have to label genetic modification in food, so if you do want to avoid it, it is extremely difficult.

There are a number of claims that suggest GMO food is not safe, with discussions focusing around four major areas of concern. These are ethical concerns, socio-economic issues, environmental impact, and human health. The first issue anti-GMO campaigners have raised is the idea that the technology is ‘too new for us to know if it is dangerous’. This may have some slim merit, however, genetically engineered plants became commercially available more than 20 years ago, and they had been tested in labs for a decade before that. Since then, more than 1,700 peer-reviewed safety studies have been conducted and published. Five of those were in-depth reports from the National Research Council, focusing on human health and the environment. And the current science on GMO food is that it is no more or less dangerous than conventional crops.

Next in line is the claim that it is not worth the risk because there are other ways to feed the world without GMOs. While this advanced farming technology isn’t about to solve the world’s food problems, it does have the potential to significantly increase crop production and security at a time when climate change and population growth threaten food supplies.
And probably the most worrying claim is, ‘GMO’s cause health problems, including allergies and cancer’. This claim comes from the idea that hazardous proteins like allergens and toxins are added to food during the genetic engineering process, which is a legitimate concern. It is, theoretically, possible for a new gene to express a protein that can incite an immune response. However, because of this risk, biotech companies perform extensive allergy and toxicity tests. The downside is, this sort of testing is voluntary, but if they are not conducted, the FDA can block the products.

GM Food And Nutrition

For people searching for a healthy lifestyle and eating natural whole foods, the idea of genetically modified food can be very off-putting. This is understandable, but when looking purely from a scientific nutritional point-of-view, the technology can actually improve the nutritional profile of food. This means it has the potential to assist in reducing the rates of malnutrition around the globe where certain nutrients are lacking. For example, golden rice has beta-carotene added to it, providing a dose of vitamin A, which is lacking in many diets.

While people in first world countries can readily purchase and consume safe, healthy food, micronutrient malnutrition is quite widespread in poorer countries. This affects more than 50 per cent of the population in the developing world, which is why GMO is being touted as a possible solution, or part-solution, to the problem. Transgenic methods, such as bio-fortification, which involves increasing a crop’s nutritional value through genetic engineering, is considered a potentially low-cost solution. However, this option and the current products under review have not been fully tested or approved yet.
There is one major cause of concern related to certain GMO crops, and that is the use of the herbicide glyphosate (roundup), which may be harmful to human health. GM crops that have been developed to be herbicide-resistant and sprayed with this herbicide have the potential to cause adverse effects, according to research. A further study of rats found that GMO corn sprayed with roundup caused cancerous tumors, potentially resulting from the toxic effects of the herbicide, or the genetic modification. The research was heavily criticized and was later retracted, but then republished in a different journal.

So, Are They Safe?

Over the course of a decade, between 2003 and 2013, more than 1,000 studies concluded that human health and the environment were not in any danger from the development or consumption of genetically engineered crops and food. Among the evidence compilation was a meta study of 50 research projects compiled by the European Commission. It concluded that the ‘use of biotechnology and of GE plants per se does not imply higher risks than classical breeding methods or production technologies’.
The reality is, GMO foods cannot be labeled as ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ at this stage. The health of them depends entirely on every individual genetically modified crop. However, the risks associated with genetically modified food are scientifically considered to be very low. They are not considered to be any riskier than selective breeding. Despite the fact that there is no evidence to date suggesting GMOs are harmful to humans, the controversy surrounding them continues. This may stem partially from a mistrust of biotech companies, and is not totally unwarranted. There are many scientific studies on the safety of GM food that pose potential conflicts of interest. However, there are also many independent studies that have been conducted, concluding the same thing.

Take Home Message

There is no current evidence to suggest that genetically modified food is harmful to human health. As far as nutrition and science is concerned, you have to look at the available evidence at the time. This, of course, may change over time, but at the moment, GMO food is considered safe to eat. The biggest question mark looming over this modern agricultural practice is the use of the herbicide, roundup. Some GMO crops have been bred to resist the effects of herbicides and pesticides, and when they are sprayed with roundup, they may have a toxic effect on human health when consumed. This is still the subject of heated debate, as is the science of genetic engineering. However, there is no reliable evidence that GMO food is harmful or toxic to human health.

P.S. Take a look at the 5 veggies that boost female metabolism and burn off lower belly fat.

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